1914-Present

=HISTORY FROM 1914 TO 2010 = = =

= = = WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW? =


 * PIRATES ||
 * TIMELINE ||
 * KEY TERMS ||
 * PRIMARY DOCUMENTS ||
 * LINKS ||
 * SAMPLE ESSAY ||

**PIRATES** **BACK TO TOP**

** Political **  Nationalist Movements: Fascism, Nazism Hitler, Lenin, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco. Spanish civil War  World War I starts with Francis Ferdinand’s assassination World War II starts US joins war after Pearl Harbor 1945 WWII ends, France is freed, Germany and Japan surrender Cold War between: USA and Russia Satellite Countries, Proxy Wars, Berlin War, Iron curtain  Revolution Movements: ex. China, Mexico Independences: Middle East African Cuban Revolution Islamic Fundamentalism Fall of Berlin Wall 
 * Intellectual **

Creation of My struggle by Adolf Hitler Ideologies like Fascism, Communism, Capitalism Einstein’s theories and developments of scientific theories  Sigmund Freud psychological theories Establishing of the Vatican city as a different state Israel vs. Palestinian war Hitler’s final solution Al-Qaeda attack of Twin Towers  Various Propaganda during WWI, WWII and the cold war Pop Culture Salvador Dali, Andy Warhol Movies got famous, good business - entartainment during war 
 * Religious **
 * Artistic **

**Technological** Creation of weapons during the wars (atomic bob, biological weapons) Race to the space in the cold war: Sputnik  The Great Depression (1930) Communism in Russia: land to peasants 1948: The Marshall Plan and European Recovery Program was a financial offer from the US to all European nations. European Union created Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is founded The Great Leap Forward in China 
 * Economic **

**Social**

Negative nationalist movements among people Boxer Rebellion (peasants) in China Women’s suffrage movements Student rebellions start in Paris and spread through the world (for a change in universities) Martin Luther King Jr. un USA bring rights for black people Families reunited after destruction of Berlin Wall, “normal Germany” created again Pan-Africanism – Apartheid – Mandela Communism in Cuba under Fidel Castro

**BACK TO TOP**
 * TIMELINE **

KEY TERMS ** BACK TO TOP
 * [[file:Click to Open Timeline.xls]]

__//**WW1 and Great Depression:**//__ Franz Ferdinand: ** Archduke of Austria Hungary visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, in 1914. Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, member of the Black Hand killed him and it was the final trigger for war. It caused Austria Hungary to declare war on Serbia. Russia that was allied with Serbia declared wan on Austria Hungary.

**Triple** **Alliance** **:** ** Germany, Austro Hungary, Italy; created by Otto von Bismarck in the 1800´s ** **Triple Entete:** ** France, England, Russia ** Trench warfare: ** type of combating in which both sides fight in trenches and causalities occur equally in both sides, maintaining a stalemate. People die mostly due to diseases ** Gas warfare: : ** The use of toxic chemical substances as weapons in trenches. First used, chlorine gas, by the Germans. Other ex: Mustard gas ** League of nations ** : Governmental organization founded in the treaty of Versailles in 1919. Its goal was to prevent war, create labor conditions, control trafficking of arms and drugs, health. It was a result of WWI, and it causes Germany to pay for indemnities. It wasn’t very progressive, and it soon dissolved. ** Wilson´s **** 14 points: ** USA president Woodrow Wilson released his 14 post war agreement points to establish peace and balance power. ** Treaty of **** Versailles **** : ** Signed in 1919, official end to WWI. Germany required paying reparations, giving up territory, and disarming its military. Divided Austria- Hungary into two nations, and created new nations (Ex: Czechoslovakia). ** Luisitania: ** USA had declared neutrality on the war at first, but a German submarine sank the British Luisitania, which contained American passengers, so the United States got angry with Germany. The Luisitania, along with the Zimmerman Telegram caused America to join the Allies. ** Propaganda: ** Propaganda was a form of advertisement used by governments during WWI, which aimed to influence and convince the masses to join and believe in war.
 * Alliances:**

__//**WW2 and Cold War:**//__ Hitler ** : Nazi dictator of Germany during the Second World War. Founder of the Nazi doctrines. Became leader of Germany from 1934 to 1945. Hitler had aggressive nationalist ideas, resulting in the invasion of Poland and the beginning of WWII ** Nazism ** : The principles of the Nazis, emphasized specially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control of the economy. ** Fascism ** : A political system in which a dictator has total power over politic, economic and social aspects. Usually emphasizes nationalism. ** Socialism ** : A system were the control of income, production, and general ownership goes to the community as a whole. ** USSR ** : A federal union made of most of the former Russian empire and some parts of Europe and Asia, dissolved in 1991. ** Blitzkrieg ** : A rapid military offensive, usually by land and air. Used by the Germans in WWII ** Pearl ** **Harbor** : Harbor near Honolulu. Attacked by Japanese in 1941. This attack caused the entering the United Sates to WWII. ** Iron ** **curtain** : A barrier to ideological ideas between countries (Socialism and Capitalism). Happened during the cold war, especially between the USSR and the USA. ** Arms ** **race** : Competition between countries to have more and better quality weapons. In the cold war specially the arms race in atomic weapons. ** Winston ** **Churchill** : British prime minister. Strong leader opposing socialist ideas. ** Air ** **corridors** : Air spaces used during the cold war to travel in and out of Germany. ** Berlin ** **wall** : Wall created during the cold war dividing Germany in two.It was heavily guarded and difficulted life in Germany. Destroyed in 1989. ** Sphere ** **of** **influence** : The influence bigger countries have in small countries surrounding them. This includes ideological and political ideas. ** Euthanasia ** : Mercy killing. To kill or let someone die instead of using extreme medical methods. This method was used by the Nazis during WWII.

**//__Independence Movements/ Developments/ Globalization:__//**

 * Mohandas Ganhi:** revolutionary in India who stessed passive resistane and civil disobendience. In the revolution in India, He was the movements voice and organizer. He inlfuenced and inspired other movemens like Martin Luther King Jr.


 * Tutsi/Hutu:** 15% of Rwanda´s population who foverned the Hutus during German occupation. Hutus revolted when Rwanda gained independence in 1965 and imposed their power. After revolting, the Tutsi sufferend genocides, and more.


 * Apartheid:"**spearation of the races". It ws the system imposed to divid blacks and whites. Imposed aroung 1950´s and was esponsible for the creation of homelands away fom cities from lacks and complete segrataion.


 * Nelson Mandela:** black leader of the African National Congress, which was an organization determined to abolish the apartheid. He followed passive resistance at first but ended up supporting guerilla warfare. He was arreted in 1964 and afte years of pressure released in 1990. Finally in 1994 the apartheid was abolished and Nelson Mandela elected president.


 * Zionists:** nationalist Jews responsible for onvincing Britain that Palestine was just. They pressured for the creation of the Balfour Declaration in 191 which legally made Palestine the Jews homeland.


 * Intifada:** an uprising which starts and ends periodically. It is a movement that used terrorism against Israeli citizens to destroy Israel or foce them out.


 * Iranian Revolution:** revolution in Iran around 1979, in which the shah wa taken out of power and ent back into a theocracy by the Islamic Fundamentalists.


 * OPEC:** organization of Petreoleum Exporting Countries. Organization created in 1960 by the Middle East oil producing countries along with som other countries like Venezuela. They increased the oil price in order to win more.

BACK TO TOP **
 * PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
 * 1) The Austro-Hungarian Declaration of War on Serbia

==== "At 11:10 A.M. on July 28, 1914, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs, sent the following telegram from Vienna to M. N. Pashitch, Serbian Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs. This declaration of war was received at Nish at 12:30 P.M." [Telegraphic] Vienna, July 28, 1914 The Royal Serbian Government not having answered in a satisfactory manner the note of July 23, 1914, presented by the Austro-Hungarian Minister at Belgrade, the Imperial and Royal Government are themselves compelled to see to the safeguarding of their rights and interests, and, with this object, to have recourse to force of arms. Austria-Hungary consequently considers herself henceforward in state of war with Serbia. (from: //Collected Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War// (London, 1915), p. 392. This is Document No. 45 quoted from the Serbian Blue Book.) ====

[] **Hitler speech for the Reichstag in 1941**

"Apart from the modest correction of its frontiers, which were infringed as a result of the outcome of the World War, the Reich has no special territorial interests in these parts. As far as politics are concerned we are merely interested in safeguarding peace in this region, while in the realm of economics we wish to see an order that will allow the production of goods to be developed and the exchange of products to be resumed in the interests of all. It is, however, only in accordance with supreme justice if those interests are also taken into account that are founded upon ethnographical, historical, or economic conditions. I can assure you that I look into the future with perfect tranquillity and great confidence. The German Reich and its allies represent power, military, economic and, above all, in moral respects, which is superior to any possible coalition in the world. The German armed forces will always do their part whenever it may be necessary. The confidence of the German people will always accompany their soldiers."

(Hitler, A. (4 de may de 1941). //Berlin, Reichstag//. Recuperado el 8 de june de 2010, de Hitler: [] ) **

LINKS BACK TO TOP **
 * 1) **A Cold War Explaining Video:**

media type="youtube" key="EKexf166TKk" height="385" width="480"

2. **A fun animation of WWII territories:**



BACK TO TOP
 * ESSAY SAMPLE **
 * 1) **Assess the impact of the Cold War on countries other than the USA and USSR. What additional documents would be helpful in answering this question?**


 * DOCUMENTS:**

__Document 1__

We are in effect giving the president…war-making powers in the absence of a declaration of war. I believe that to be a historic mistake." -Senator Wayne Morse (one of only two senators to vote against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution)

__Document 2__

A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow. -Winston Churchill (March 5 1946, Westminster College Missouri)

__Document 3__

A freely elected government in any of the Eastern European countries would be anti-Soviet and we cannot allow that. -Joseph Stalin (Soviet Leader speech 1946)

__Document 4__

Muslims all over the world who believe in the truth of Islam, arise and gather beneath the banner of //taubid// (divine unity) and the teachings of Islam! Repel the treacherous superpowers from your countries and your abundant resources. Restore the glory of Islam, and abandon your selfish disputes and differences, for you posses everything! Rely on the culture of Islam, resist Western imitation, and stand on your own feet. Attack those intellectuals who are infatuated with the West and the East, and recover your true identity. Realize that intellectuals in the pay of foreigners have inflicted disaster upon their people and countries. As long as you remain disunited and fail to place your reliance in true Islam, you will continue to suffer what you have suffered already. America is the number-one enemy of the deprived and oppressed people of the world. There is no crime America will not commit in order to maintain its political, economic, cultural, and military domination of those parts of the world where it predominates…Iran has tried to sever all its relations with this Great Satan and it is for this reason that it now finds wars imposed upon it. America has urged Iraq to spill the blood of our young men, and it has compelled the countries that are subject to its influence to boycott us economically in hopes of defeating us. -Ayatollah Khomeini (speech to the faithful)

__Document 5__ "This government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere." -John F. Kennedy, Oct. 22, 1962

__Document 6__ It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist… Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States Government. Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us. Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit therefrom politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United States. -George C Marshall Secretary of State, Speech to Congress 1947

__Document 7__

A list of inventions that resulted from Cold War research: Velcro, Calculators, Microwave oven, Arpanet, Microprocessor, Teflon, Communication Satellites, Numerous Plastics, Bar Codes, Satellite Dishes, Supercomputers, GPS systems, Smoke Detectors, Weather Prediction.

__Document 8__

Exporting to Cuba-Except for publications, other informational materials (such as CDs and works of art), certain donated food, and certain goods licensed for export or re-export by the U.S. Department of Commerce (such as medicine, and medical supplies, food, and agricultural commodities), no products, technology, or services may be exported from the United States to Cuba, either directly or through third countries, such as Canada or Mexico. Importing Cuban-Origin Goods or Services-Goods or services of Cuban origin may not be imported into the United States either directly or through third countries, such as Canada or Mexico. The only exceptions are publications, artwork, or other informational materials.

-U.S. Department of the Treasury Cuban Assets Control Regulations July, 1963

__Document 9__



__Document 10__

As the world was suddenly scarred, and a schism between East and West tore nations apart, countries in Europe, America, and Africa showed their true colors and real interests. The Cold War was an abominable attempt to exert political manipulation, establish strict spheres of economy, and fight proxy wars with only personal interest in mind.
 * ESSAY:**

This ideological war resulted in two main countries fighting for the complete political manipulation of the world. As is common in humans, it is believed that whoever thinks different is wrong and an enemy. As stated in Document 1, the war was seen as a method of control by the Russians. This was because the USSR had many scientific countries, and the East fell prey to Russia, succumbing to their control their will, incapable of making their own decisions. Of course, the USSR was not going to stop there. As seen in Document 9, the USSR desired more than just the West, they wanted to persuade everyone in Europe. They were certain that no one would be at peace unless communism was spread. Thus, they exercised extreme control over the satellite countries, resulting in a shadowed region extending from East Berlin to Russia. In a picture of the Berlin wall, the difference between Eastern influenced land and Western influenced land is extremely evident: the eastern bloc had less liberty and thus technological progress was clearly behind. For the USSR however, Europe was only the beginning because as seen in document 10, they reached parts of Asia, America, and Africa. For instance, they reached their communism all over to North Korea and Cuba. This was to show the world not only how great their country was, but also how great communism was. One might even argue that in this case fear moved in where trust should’ve been. But the USSR did not act alone, the United Sates too played a mind manipulating game. As seen in document 5 in the United States’ attempt to control and eliminate any threats in Cuba, it is evident that their so called “help “always came with a price, that the “American dream” façade they had created was only a veil to cover the nefarious intentions. Even more one can see this in the televised world fair during the Cold War, where both countries attempted to demonstrate their greatness in the “Kitchen Debate”. In other words, both sought control, and total control at that, as seen in document 3, Stalin makes it clear that freedom is something they could not allow, and that is one of the reasons this war was so scary. Hence, for the USSR’s portion, the satellite countries suffered more than a decade under a complete regime in which every action was controlled by the Soviet state. For this reason, not many inventions and discoveries were made in this region, other than for the nuclear power and war techniques of the USSR.

Yet the damage does not end there. Of course someone had to make profit, and thus many countries fell under economic spheres of influence which made them part of the war. One might argue that their intentions were fairly decent, seeing as trade agreements bring prosperity, but one must always read the fine print in life. As seen in document 6, USA planned to offer help to anyone, it wanted to sell democracy. That money obviously came with a catch, one which many countries fell prey to because of the internal desperation for help. As seen in Document 8, the US was willing to stop all trade with Cuba in order to get what it wanted, knowing that trade is something a country can’t go without and knowing that it would only hurt them; still anything was done to attain what their ambitious minds desired. And even more, as seen in Document 7, the US and other countries developed objects since new inventions arose from research, research that was funded for all the wrong reasons, but yet that brought products into a very competitive market which they already controlled. For example, it resulted in the invention of products such as Velcro, calculators, and microwave ovens. These economic spheres would later on become more visible, and demonstrate the huge effect the USA had on smaller and weaker states. For example, in the case of Iran-Iraq’s war the US sent troops and aid in order to maintain its control and politics in the Middle East, and thus caused millions of families to be torn apart, and a great number of mentalities to change on Middle Eastern people. Moreover, US started assisting other countries that needed help the moment general Marshal dictated his plan. This way, they would maintain a friendly state with most countries, and others would be in debt with them further on. For instance, Document 6 states that US would aid and protect economically and politically any country that needed it, and attack any country who opposed this help. Therefore, countries such as Turkey became greatly influenced by the American super power. Many states became democratic since they could benefit from this financial aid and be protected from the communism spread. USA also acted in disorganized places that seemed easy preys, for instance in Somalia and Rwanda where civil war was outrageous, but their financial and health care weren’t sufficient in these cases to settle a civil conflict. Nevertheless, American ideology did infiltrate in a lot of states and change the way governments acted. African states, for example, started experimenting for the first time with democracy.

Moreover, the thing does not end here. The proxy wars that were fought were nothing more than ways to manipulate countries. Document 1 illustrates that the giving of power to a president was a mistake. And it was, because the US found itself in a war which they had nothing to do, they lost many, and still that wasn’t enough. In a statement by a Vietnam veteran, he stated that the war was sure death, and that the people lost were not to weapons, but to diseases and harsh conditions. In addition, this war caused an immeasurable amount of countries and ethnicities to split up. For example, besides Germany that literally became split in half at its capital by a draconian wall (resulting in the splitting up of thousands of families), Bosnia Herzegovina, were millions of rebels attacked and killed the Bosnians, was also separated into two states. Also, Yugoslavia was ethnically divided into separate states as was Israel separated from Palestine further on. Later on, the ideological conflict present in the Cold War was visible once more when Franco applied Soviet philosophy in Spain and caused a major civil separation. So frowned upon was this war, and the others fought by the US, that in Document 4, it is easy to see the people’s disgust towards what these two super powers were doing. And why wouldn’t they be, if all this was an attempt to control the world, to build an empire although history proved that were not successful. It was a manifestation of man kind’s headedness and stubbornness.

===VIDEO: [|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKexf166TKk&feature=PlayList&p=64C2F7163B243B61&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=25]===