Foundations+(2)

FOUNDATIONS The period known today as foundations lasted roughly from the years 8000 BCE to the year 610 AD, date of the fall of the Roman Empire. This period was greatly characterized by the settlement of people due to agriculture and with this the emergence of the first civilizations and later the first empires. During this period job specializations appeared and a new gamma of products appeared as well as new discoveries related to the world that surrounded people. Hierarchies or social classes emerged and with this came a ruling class and a subject one. Another major development of this era was the development of religions and their spread. Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism and Christianity all made their way into people’s lives. The Egyptians, Minoans, Mesopotamians, Chinese and Greeks are some examples of the cultures that emerged world wide.

Primary Source


 * "In the Vedas, in the Ramayana, and in the sacred Bharata, O chief of Bharata’s race, Hari is sung in the beginning, the middle, and at the end. That in which occur excellent statements relating to Vishnu, and the eternal Srutis, should be listened to by men desirous of attaining to the highest goal. This treatise is sanctifying. This is the highest indicator as regards duties; this is endued with every merit. One desirous of prosperity should listen to it. Sins committed by means of the body, by means of words, and by means of the mind, are all destroyed (through listening to the Bharata) as Darkness at sunrise. One devoted to Vishnu acquires (through this) that merit which is acquired by listening to the eighteen Puranas. There is no doubt in this. Men and women (by listening to this) would certainly attain to the status of Vishnu. Women desirous of having children should certainly listen to this which proclaims the fame of Vishnu. One desirous of attaining to the fruits that attach to a recitation of the Bharata should, according to one’s power, give unto the reciter Dakshina, as also an honorarium in gold. One desirous of one’s own good should give unto the reciter a Kapila cow with horns cased in gold and accompanied by her calf, covered with a cloth. Ornaments, O chief of Bharata’s race, for the arms, as also those for the ears, should be given. Besides these, other kinds of wealth should be presented. Unto the reciter, O king of men, gift of land should be made. No gift like that of land could ever be or will be. The man that listens (to the Bharata) or that recites it to other people, becomes cleansed of all his sins and attains at last to the status of Vishnu. Such a man rescues his ancestors to the eleventh degree, as also himself with his wives and sons, O chief of Bharata’s race. After concluding a recitation of the Bharata, one should, O king, perform a Homa with all its ten parts. ||
 * **//__The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika, Parva, Section 6__//** ||

[|Click Here] ** Timeline
 * If you want to see a primary source about the Hammurabi Code.

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Key Words

· Preoccupied with the problem of chaos: Harsh view · Humans were motivated by fear of punishment or the promise of a reward. · Realist, human nature selfish and should be controlled by a code of law || · Athens needed the approach to the Gulf of Corinth in order to have a direct way to Italy. · Sparta won, in which they assumed supremacy over the Greek world with dictatorships. ||
 * Paleoanthopology || The study of the earliest phase of human history. For example: the Leakey family where a group of paleoanthropologist who discovered bones in Africa and later studied them. ||
 * Leakey Family || Discover many fossils in Africa. Most important, “Nut Cracker” man, who would reveal a lot of new things we did not know about the early human phase ||
 * Mesopotamia || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Early civilization located between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, present day Iraq. Controlled by a well structured political system for example the Hammurabi Code, advanced technology such as the invention of the wheel, started trade and irrigation system; which was easy since they were a river valley civilization. A clear example is the city of Babylon, where the empire rested on. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Cuneiform || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Mesopotamian writing system (First one in the world). It triggered the invention of other writing systems, such as the Hieroglyphics of Egypt. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">The Code of Hammurabi || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Stone document containing 282 laws, writing by the remarkable Babylonian leader Hammurabi. No equality and severe punishments (especially for slaves). For example “An eye for an eye.” ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Zoser || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Founder of the Egyptian old kingdom. First to be child of the sun or a God, this would mark the beginning of a theocratic government in Egypt. Married within their family to maintain a noble blood. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Re || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Great sun God. Had the principles of righteousness, justice and truth. The Pharaoh is son of Re. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Osiris || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">God of the Nile. Growth of vegetation and the life of the river. Also the judge of the Egyptian community after death. What inspired the creation of this God was the annual flooding of the Nile. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Ark of the Covenant || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Were the 10 commandments are saved. Carried around by the Hebrew community until they found a settlement in the Promised Land and built the temple of Solomon in Judea to protect the covenant. This is the basic laws in which the Hebrew community is consisted of till today. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Philistines || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Non-Semitic group of people of unknown origins that conquered Canaan. They would settle in the land of the Hebrew, that is why they are mentioned a lot in the Bible. Palestine is named after the Philistines. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Diaspora || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Emigration of Jews away from Palestine. That is why the Hebrew community was seen as a nomadic community. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Brahman || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Rational principle that pervades the universe in Hindu religion. Has as a Holy book the Upanishads. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Four Vedas || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Body of hymns, prayers, and incantations composed over a long period of time and passed through generations. Comprised the sacred books of Indo-Aryan and later Hindu religion. Source of info for the Vedic age ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Gautama || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Known by his followers as Buddha (The Enlightened). He based his ideals in justice and equality, and believed in the power of the body instead of the soul. Gautama’s religion would spread of the Himalayas into China and most of the oriental world. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Yangzhou || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Earliest advanced Chinese civilization. Practiced slash and burn agriculture, domesticated pigs, dogs, chicken, cattle, sheep and goats, cultivated millet, used hoes to dig and had the spinning silk. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Mandate of Heaven || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Divine power to Zhou rulers. King had divine rights, son of heaven. Chinese emperors would keep this principle to maintain a social status above their community and the rest of the world, no one was like them. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Polis || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">City state constituting of a single city and its surrounding territory. Standard form of Hellenic political organization and created a modern notion of political life. The city of Athens had this basic principle, and would be a very high intellectually developed city state which had within it philosophers such as Socrates. In the other hand, Sparta was a warring city state. They only cared about warfare and its benefits. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Magi || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Priest of Zoroastrisism. Some believes of Islam are based of Zoroastrisism. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Legalism || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">3rd major school of Chinese philosophy. It grew with Confucianism and Daoism, and they shared strong founders.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Peloponnesian War || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Fought between Athens and Sparta.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Royal Road || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">(2500 BCE). In Mesopotamia. Postal system, sewers, resting posts. Connected the Babylonian empire. Known by being the first organized trading route. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Britannic Bold','sans-serif';">Silk Road || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">(300 BC - 1200 CE). From Huang-Zhou to Rome. Products: Silk, salt, spices. It would serve for cultural diffusion, the Mongol invasions, would help Europe get products from the Middle East and specially connected orient world. ||

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QUIZ

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Links

To read Homer's Illiad [|Click Here] To read the Epic of Gilgamesh Click Here To discover Mesopotamia [|Click Here]

Biblography

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Ladden, J., & Whelan, P. (2010). //AP World History, 2010 Edition// New York, New York, USA: Kaplan Publishing ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Homer. "The Internet Classics Archive | The Iliad by Homer." //The Internet Classics Archive: 441 Searchable Works of Classical Literature//. Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.6.vi.html __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||
 * //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://gilgamesh.psnc.pl __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">/>. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">" YouTube - Ancient Mesopotamia (clip)." //YouTube - Broadcast Yourself.// Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wksHEDgBRnM __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"File:Segovia Aqueduct.JPG." //Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Segovia_Aqueduct.JPG __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"File:Ancient Ziggurat at Ali Air Base Iraq 2005.jpg." //Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia//. Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This, Doing. "Translation of Mahabharata of Vyasa by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, Stories and Characters from Mahabharata, Mahabharatam in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi.." //Mahabharata Stories, Mahabharata Summary, Complete Translation, Stories, Scirtures and More , Stories and Characters from Mahabharata, Mahabharatam in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Hindi..// Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_18006.php __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">"The Code of Hammurabi." //Washington State University - Pullman, Washington//. Web. 10 June 2010. < __<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">>. ||